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UNIVERSITY  OF  CA  RIVERSIDE   UBRARY 


3  1210  017 


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l]p tes  for  the  guidance  of  authors  on  the 
prerjaration  of  manuscripts   .... 


— ^Jjacmillan,   firm,   publ.  - 


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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


CHARLES  E.  WEAVER 
COLLECTION 


Notes 

For  the  Guidance 

Of  Authors 


r^he  Submission  of  Manuscripts 
to  Publishers 


New  York 
The  Macmillan   Company 

Numbers  Sixty-four  and  Sixty-six 
Fifth  Avenue 

1905 

7rice  :  T'wenty-fi'oe  Cents 


Notes  for  the  Guidance 
of  Authors 


"  ^n  boneft  Stationer  (^or  Publisher^  it  he,  that  exercizetb  hit 
Alvftery  (^"whether  it  be  in  printing,  hynding  or  telling  of  Booket) 
•with  more  refpect  to  the  glory  of  God  Gf  the  publike  aduantage 
than  to  hit  owne  Commodity  &  it  both  an  ornament  (Sf  a  profitable 
member  in  the  ciuill  Commonwealth.  ...  If  he  he  a  Printer  he 
maket  confidence  to  exemplefy  hit  Coppy  fiayrely  fef  truly.  If  he  be 
a  Booke-bynder^  he  is  no  meere  Bookfieller  {^that  it)  one  who  fielleth 
meerely  ynck  (^  paper  bundled  up  together  fior  hit  o'wne  aduantage 
only :  hut  he  it  a  Chapman  ofi  Arts,  ofi  "v-vifidcme,  &  ofi  much  expe- 
rience fior  a  little  money.  .  .  .  The  reputation  ofi  Schollert  it  at 
deare  unto  him  at  hit  owne :  For,  he  acknowledgeth  that  firom 
them  hit  Msfitery  had  both  begining  and  meant  ofi  continuance.  He 
heartely  loues  (Sf  teeket  the  Profiperity  ofi  bit  owne  Corporation  : 
Yet  he  would  not  iniure  the  Uniuerfityet  to  aduantage  it.  In  a 
•word,  be  is  such  a  man  that  the  State  ought  to  cherish  him ;  Schol- 
lert to  loue  him,  good  Customers  to  firequent  his  shepp ;  and  the 
whole  Company  ofi  Stationers  to  pray  fior  him." 

—  GsoRGK  Wither,    1625. 


Notes 

For  the  Guidance 

Of  Authors 


In  the  Submission  of  Manuscripts 
to  Publishers 


New   York 
The  Macmillan   Company 

Numbers  Sixty-four  and  Sixty-six 
Fifth  Avenue 


Copyright,  1900  and  :90s. 
By  the  MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 


J.  S.  Cashing  iV-  Co.  —  Horwiok  &  Smith  Co. 
XorwooJ,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


Preface 

^,       It  is  hoped  that  the  suggestions  made 

in  the  following  pages  will  be  of  use  to 

^    authors  desirous  of  submitting  manuscripts 

V  for  the  consideration  of  publishers.  It 
must  not,  however,  be  taken  as  necessary 
for  manuscripts  to  conform  with  these 
suggestions  before  they  can  receive  atten- 
tion from  the  publishers'  readers. 

The    suggestions    have    been   compiled 

^    with  the  aid  of  the  heads  of  the  various 

departments  of  The  Macmillan  Company, 

,     and  it  is  believed  that  the  observance  of 

^    many  of  the  points   emphasized  in  these 

\i    pages  will  result  in  a  saving  of  effort  and 

\w     expense    to    the    mutual    benefit   of  both 

^>^    author  and  publisher. 

^  The  Macmillan  Company  make  it  a 
rule  to  give  careful  attention  to  all  manu- 

\^     scripts   that    may   be    submitted,   whether 

(s*  prepared  in  accordance  with  these  sug- 
gestions or  not. 

3 


Table   of  Contents 


Preface      ....... 

Page 
3 

The  Macmillan  Company    .          .          .          . 

7 

Preparation  of  a  Manuscript 

1 1 

Submitting  a  Manuscript  to  a  Publisher    . 

H 

Copyright           ..... 

i6 

Forms  of  Agreement    .... 

i8 

Bindings,  Covers,  and  Cover  Designs 

20 

Proof-reading      ..... 

22 

Educational  Books         .... 

28 

Signs  used  in  correcting  Proof 

33 

Proof  showing  Corrections    . 

36 

Composition  and  Presswork  . 

38 

J.  S.  Cushing  &  Co.'s  Rules  for  Spelling,  Punc 

tuation,  and  Style 

39 

How  an  Author  can  aid  his  Publisher 

.       61 

Advertising,  Circulars,  etc.    . 

•       (>i 

Press  and  Presentation  Copies 

.       64 

Index        ...... 

.       6s 

THE  foundation  of  the  house  now  known 
as  The  Macmillan  Company  was  laid  in 
1869  by  the  late  George  Edward  Brett,  who 
established  in  New  York  for  the  London  house 
of  Macmillan  &  Co.  an  agency  for  the  sale 
of  their  publications.  The  business  was  soon 
enlarged  to  include  the  publication  of  books 
by  American  authors,  and  remained  under  the 
management  of  George  Edward  Brett  until  his 
death  in  1890,  when  his  son,  George  Piatt 
Brett,  became  the  resident  American  partner. 

In  1896  the  American  firm  was  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
adopted  the  style  of  The  Macmillan  Company. 
The  Company's  interests  as  publishers  are  not 
confined  to  any  particular  departments  of  litera- 
ture or  science,  but  its  list  of  current  publications, 
which  at  present  numbers  some  five  thousand, 
embraces  titles  of  works  in  practically  the  whole 
7 


8 

range  of  intellectual  activity,  and  its  authors 
include  many  of  the  names  best  known  in  all 
the  various  fields  of  literature,  both  American 
and  foreign.  In  addition  to  its  publishing  inter- 
ests. The  Macmillan  Company  acts  as  agents 
for  the  sale  of  the  works  published  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  (England),  Columbia  Uni- 
versity (New  York),  Macmillan  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
George  Bell  Sc  Sons,  A.  &  C.  Black,  and 
Whittaker  &  Co.,  all  of  London,  and  for 
Bohn's  Libraries. 

The  Macmillan  Company  has  established 
agencies  for  the  publication  and  sale  of  its 
books  by  American  authors  in  London,  Eng- 
land J  Toronto,  Canada  ;  and  Melbourne,  Aus- 
tralia, where  they  are  at  all  times  carried  in 
stock.  It  also  has  branch  houses  in  Boston, 
Chicago,  Atlanta,  and  San  Francisco  in  this 
country. 

The  Macmillan  Company  occupies  the  build- 
ings at  64  and  66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 
City,  purchased  and  owned  by   the  Company. 


9^ 

The  officers  of  the  Company  are  George  Piatt 
Brett,  President ;  Lyman  Barney  Sturgis,  Vice- 
President  ;  Henry  A.  R.  Schumacher,  Treas- 
urer; and  Lawton  Livingston  Walton,  Secretary. 

The  officers  of  the  Company  (except 
the  Treasurer)  will  be  found  at  64  Fifth 
Avenue. 

The  Educational  Department  is  at 
64  Fifth  Avenue. 

The  Manufacturing  and  Advertising 
Departments  are  at  64  Fifth  Avenue. 

The  Treasurer  is  at  66   Fifth  Avenue. 

The  Trade  and  Retail  Departments 
are  at  66   Fifth  Avenue. 


Preparation  of  a  Manuscript 

Use  white  paper  about  eight  inches  wide 
and  eleven  inches  long,  and  leave  margins 
of  i^  inches  on  the  left-hand  side,  and 
about  one  inch  at  the  top  of  each  sheet. 

Let  the  sheets  of  the  manuscript  be  of 
uniform  size  throughout. 

The  pages  of  a  manuscript  should  be 
numbered  consecutively  throughout.  In- 
serted pages  should  be  numbered  alpha- 
betically [e.g.  45  <2  ;  45  '^  ;  45  ^]  •  Pages 
taken  out  should  be  accounted  for  on  the 
preceding  page. 

The  pages  of  individual  chapters  should 
not  be  numbered  independently. 

Write  on  one  side  of  the  sheet  only. 

Black  ink  should  always  be  used  for 
handwriting. 

Manuscripts  should  not  be  rolled  or 
folded   when    sent    by    mail    or    express. 


12     Preparation  of  a  Manuscript 

Sheets  that  have  been  rolled  are  very 
unhandy  for  both  readers  and  printers. 

Typewritten  manuscript  is  preferable  to 
handwriting.  It  is  easier  to  read  and  to 
correct.  It  saves  the  printer's  time  and 
prevents  the  occurrence  of  typographical 
error  with  its  consequent  expense. 

Notes  and  other  subsidiary  additions 
should  be  written  on  a  separate  sheet  of 
paper,  placed  next  to  and  numbered  con- 
secutively with  the  text,  to  which  it  should 
refer  by  the  word  "  footnote "  or  by  an 
asterisk  (''').  Short  notes  may  be  inserted 
between  two  lines  drawn  across  the  full 
width  of  the  page  and  reference  be  made  to 
them  in  the  text  by  an  asterisk,  thus  (*). 

Note. 

Extracts  from  the  works  of  other  au- 
thors should  be  carefully  marked,  as  they 
are  generally  set  up  in  a  smaller  type  than 
that  of  the  text. 

Do  not  use  pins  when  attaching  one 
piece  of  paper  to  another.     The  manu- 


Preparation  of  a  Manuscript     i  3 

script  goes  through  so  many  hands  that 
pinned  papers  are  likely  to  become  sepa- 
rated. They  also  cause  confusion  and  loss 
of  time  to  both  reader  and  printer,  and 
when  once  separated  are  often  misplaced. 
In  the  case  of  an  illustrated  book  the 
manuscript  should  be  marked  at  the  point 
where  each  cut  is  to  be  placed.  Care  in 
this  matter  will  save  confusion  and  often 
much  unnecessary  expense.  Where  illus- 
trations or  suggestions  for  illustrations  are 
provided  by  the  author,  they  should  be 
pasted  or  written  on  a  separate  sheet, 
which  should  follow  and  refer  to  the  sheet 
on  which  they  are  to  appear.  In  the  case 
of  technical  works  the  illustrations  should 
be  numbered. 


Submitting  a  Manuscript  to  a 
Publisher 

In  submitting  a  manuscript  tc  a  pub- 
lisher it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the 
manuscript  will  be  carefully  read,  and  usu- 
ally by  several  advisers  of  special  com- 
petence on  the  subject  with  which  the 
work  deals,  and  by  whose  judgment  the 
publisher  invariably  reenforces  his  own 
opinion. 

As  an  aid  to  the  publisher  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  special  advisers  to  whom  the 
work  should  be  submitted,  it  is  advisable 
to  attach  to  the  manuscript  a  very  concise 
statement  of  its  scope  and  purpose. 

The  publisher  will  at  once  arrange  for 
an  interview  with  an  author  on  receiving  a 
request  to  that  effect. 

Publishers  are  not  responsible  for  the 
loss  of  manuscripts  sent  to  them  except  in 
14 


Submitting  a  Manuscript        1 5 

those  cases  where  the  loss  is  occasioned  by 
their  negligence.  Authors  should,  accord- 
ingly, send  manuscripts  either  by  express 
or  registered  mail,  as  they  can  then  be 
traced  in  case  of  loss  or  misdirection.  It 
is  advisable  that  copies  of  important  manu- 
scripts should  be  made. 

The  author's  full  name  and  address 
should  always  be  clearly  marked  on  each 
manuscript,  and  a  note  should  be  sent,  by 
post,  advising  the  publisher  of  the  despatch 
of  a  manuscript  to  him. 

On  the  acceptance  of  a  manuscript  by 
The  Macmillan  Company,  a  contract  or 
agreement  covering  the  publication  of  the 
work  will  be  sent  to  the  author,  and  on 
the  execution  and  return  of  this  agreement, 
specimen  pages  showing  the  style  and  size 
of  type  which  it  is  proposed  to  use  will 
be  forwarded.  Immediately  upon  the 
approval  of  these,  proofs  of  the  book 
will  be   sent  for  correction   and   revision. 


Copyright 


Copyright  is  usually  obtained  by  the 
publisher  when  the  book  is  printed,  and 
is  held  by  him  so  long  as  his  agreement 
lasts  with  the  author.  At  the  termination 
of  the  agreement  the  copyright  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  author. 

Authors  who  wish  to  obtain  a  copy- 
right before  offering  their  manuscripts  can 
do  so  by  following  the  directions  in  Bul- 
letin No.  2.  Directions  for  Securing  Copy- 
rights, prepared  by  Thorvald  Solberg, 
Register  of  Copyrights.^  It  is  easier  and 
customary,  however,  to  leave  this  matter 
to  the  publisher. 

It  is  customary  to  print,  on  the  reverse 
of  the  title-page,  the  legal  notice  of  copy- 
right in  the  name  of  the  publisher,  rather 

^  This  will  be  sent  gratis  on  application  to  the 
Librarian  of  Congress. 

i6 


Copyright  17 

than  in  the  name  of  the  author,  for  several 
reasons,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
the  fact  that  the  pubhsher  can  then  defend 
the  copyright,  if  attacked,  in  the  event 
of  the  author  being  out  of  the  country  or 
unable  for  any  reason  to  give  the  matter 
immediate  attention.  This  does  not 
affect  the  ownership  of  the  copyright, 
which  is  determined  entirely  by  the  agree- 
ment or  contract  between  the  author  and 
publisher. 

It  is  rarely  found  necessary  to  secure 
copyright  in  Great  Britain.  A  publisher 
with  houses  in  both  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  usually  attends  to  the  copy- 
righting of  the  English  editions  when 
necessary. 

Macmillan  &  Co.,  Limited,  pubHsh  in 
London  all  books  issued  in  America  by 
The  Macmillan  Company,  unless  they  are 
works  of  interest  to  Americans  only,  or 
are  otherwise  specially  arranged  for. 


Forms  of  Agreement 

Forms  of  Agreement  vary  in  minor 
details,  and  terms  are  offered  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  the  subject  of  the 
work,  its  purpose,  or  prospects  of  sale. 
The  usual  rule,  howev^er,  is  for  the  pub- 
lisher to  assume  the  whole  cost  of  print- 
ing, manufacture,  and  publishing,  and  to 
offer  the  author  a  royalty  on  the  selling 
price  of  the  work. 

An  author  is  usually  expected  by  the 
terms  of  his  contract  to  hold  his  publisher 
free  from  legal  liability  on  account  of  scan- 
dalous or  libellous  matter,  or  any  infringe- 
ment of  another  author's  copyright  which 
his  book  may  contain. 

The  rights  of  translation  and  dramati- 
zation are  usually  subject  to  special  terms 
of  agreement. 

As  the  carrying  out  of  any  agreement 


Forms  of  Agreement  ig^ 

to  the  satisfaction  of  both  parties  thereto 
depends  upon  their  mutual  good  will  and 
good  faith,  an  author  should  have  the 
clearest  possible  understanding  of  the  de- 
tails of  the  contract.  He  should  also  not 
fail  to  satisfy  himself  as  to  the  ability 
of  the  publisher  to  make  good  its  pro- 
visions both  for  the  present  time  and  for 
the  term  of  its  continuance. 


Bindings,    Covers,   and    Cover 
Designs 

The  style  of  a  binding  must  depend 
upon  the  character  of  the  contents  of  the 
book.  The  cover  of  a  work  of  fiction 
may  be  appropriately  decorated  with  a 
design  bearing  relation  to  the  story  within; 
the  cover  of  a  book  of  verse  may  also,  with 
equal  propriety,  bear  ornament. 

In  volumes  of  essays,  works  of  philoso- 
phy, science,  or  economics,  good  taste  will 
as  a  rule  dictate  freedom  from  all  deco- 
ration, but  the  lettering  may  be  so  de- 
signed on  the  back  or  side  as  to  lend 
beauty  to  the  dignity  of  a  plain  cover. 

While  the  widest  latitude  may  be  given 
to  choice  of  color  in  the  case  of  fiction,  in 
most  other  branches  of  literature  bright 
colors  are  manifestly  inappropriate. 

In   the   selection   of  a    color   which    in 


Bindings,  Covers,  etc.  21 

itself  is  in  good  taste,  the  long  experience 
of  a  publisher  generally  may  be  depended 
upon. 

Authors  sometimes  desire  a  color  which 
will  fade  in  a  short  time  and  which  will 
consequently  entail  a  loss  on  the  book- 
seller who  exposes  it  in  his  window  or 
store.  It  is  not  unusual  also  for  an 
author  to  desire  a  cover  design  or  a  bind- 
ing which  is  impossible  on  account  of  its 
costliness,  forgetting  that  each  color  needs 
a  separate  stamp  and  a  separate  handling, 
and  that  certain  fabrics  would  add  so 
much  to  the  cost,  that  a  suitable  selling 
price  could  not  be  placed  upon  the  vol- 
ume. It  will  be  readily  seen,  therefore, 
that  while  an  author  can,  and  often  does, 
aid  the  publisher  by  valuable  suggestions, 
which  are  always  gladly  received,  their 
practicability  must  depend  finally  on  busi- 
ness reasons  of  which  the  publisher  may 
fairly  be  the  best  judge. 


Proof-reading 

Soon  after  the  manuscript  has  been  sent 
to  the  printer  the  author  will  receive  a 
specimen  page  to  show  the  proposed  style 
of  type,  size  of  printed  page,  and  the 
estimated  number  of  printed  pages  that 
the  manuscript  will  make.  This  speci- 
men page  should  be  returned  at  once  to 
the  publisher  with  the  author's  approval 
or  suggestion  for  its  improvement. 

First  proofs  usually  are  sent  in  page 
form  unless  there  are  likely  to  be  many 
corrections,  in  which  case  the  author  should 
not  fail  to  advise  the  publisher  well  in 
advance  to  send  his  proofs  in  "galley"^ 
form. 

If  the  author  wishes  to  see  a  revised 
proof  of  his  work  after  he  has  corrected 

'  The  long  frame  on  which  the  compositor  places 
the  lines  of  type  as  he  sets  them. 

22 


Proof-reading  23 

the  first  proof,  he  should  write  to  the 
printer  to  that  effect  when  he  returns 
the  first  proofs  corrected.  He  can 
have  a  revised  proof  of  any  individual 
page,  or  any  part,  if  the  whole  is  not 
needed. 

When  making  a  change  in  page  proofs, 
it  should  be  remembered  that  in  order  to 
add  a  few  words  or  a  sentence  it  may  be 
necessary  for  the  printer  to  overrun  every 
line  on  the  page,  perhaps  the  page  itself, 
and  possibly  a  whole  chapter ;  so  that  a 
correction  in  page  proof,  while  apparently 
one  of  only  a  few  words,  may  prove  an 
expensive  matter. 

It  is  sometimes  easy  to  make  room  for 
the  new  words  by  taking  out  neighboring 
words  of  the  same  length,  or  shortening 
an  adjoining  phrase. 

The  final  proofs  (Foundry  proofs)  are 
marked  "  F."  These  are  practically  finally 
corrected  proofs  from  the  electrotype  plates, 
which  do  not  admit  of  changes  except 
where   absolutely   necessary.     Changes   in 


24  Proof-reading 

"F"  proofs  accordingly  should  be  made 
as  sparingly  as  possible,  as  they  necessitate 
the  cutting  of  the  electrotype  plate  —  a  pro- 
cess which  is  likely  to  be  expensive  to  the 
author  and  sure  to  be  injurious  to  the  plate. 

Proofs  are  usually  sent  to  the  author  in 
duplicate,  the  one  to  be  corrected  and  re- 
turned to  the  printer  and  the  other  to  be 
kept  by  the  author.  He  will  do  well  to 
transfer  carefully  his  corrections  to  his 
own  duplicate,  for  reference  while  his 
original  corrections  are  in  the  hands  of 
the  printer. 

On  both  first  proofs  and  final  proofs  the 
abbreviation  "  Qy."  for  "  query  "  may  oc- 
casionally appear.  As  this  indicates  that 
some  point  has  arisen,  such  as  an  incon- 
sistency in  the  manuscript  or  a  possible 
misstatement  of  fact,  which  the  proof- 
reader has  thought  it  best  to  leave  for  the 
author  to  decide,  attention  should  be  paid 
to  all  such  queries,  in  order  that  any  de- 
sired change  may  be  made  as  early  as 
possible.      The    final    proofs    are  just    as 


Proof-reading  25. 

likely  to  contain  queries  as  the  first  proofs, 
and  should  be  looked  through  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  and  answering 
them. 

If  there  is  to  be  an  index,  it  should  be 
prepared  from  the  author's  duplicate  page 
proofs,  and,  if  possible,  should  be  ready 
to  be  sent  to  the  printer  with  the  last 
batch  of  corrected  page  proofs. 

Should  the  author  wish  to  be  relieved 
of  the  burden  of  making  his  own  index, 
he  will  do  well  to  ask  the  publisher  to 
suggest  to  him  the  name  of  an  index- 
maker.  Indexes  can  be  made  at  a  very 
reasonable  rate. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  call 
attention  to  the  provision  usually  made 
in  a  contract  to  apportion  the  cost  of 
corrections  in  proof,  and  in  which  it  is 
understood  and  agreed  that  a  percentage  of 
the  full  cost  of  the  plates  shall  be  allowed 
the  author  for  changes  made  by  him  in 
type  or  in  plates  during  the  process  of 
making  the  plates  or  afterwards,  and  that 


26  Proof-reading 

the  cost  of  author's  changes  in  excess  of 
this  amount  shall  be  charged  to  the  author. 

The  cost  of  correcting  the  errors  of  com- 
positors will  not  in  any  case  be  charged  to 
the  author,  but  he  will  find  that  the  cost 
of  his  own  changes  will  accumulate  more 
rapidly  than  he  would  anticipate,  unless 
he  has  had  great  experience.  It  will  be 
advisable  for  him  to  make  his  manuscript 
as  nearly  perfect  as  possible.  Still,  changes 
in  the  type  and  even  in  the  plates  will 
doubtless  be  necessary,  and  it  would  be 
unwise  economy  to  leave  the  book  im- 
perfect rather  than  bear  the  expense  of 
needed  corrections. 

When  the  text  of  a  book  is  to  be  illus- 
trated, the  proof  will  be  sent  to  the  author 
in  galley  form,  which  will  allow  for  the 
insertion  of  the  cuts  at  the  time  when  the 
first  proof  is  corrected.  Galley  proof  can- 
not be  divided  into  pages  until  the  cuts  of 
the  illustrations  are  placed  in  their  correct 
places  in  the  proof. 

Proofs  of  illustrations  will  be  sent  to  the 


Proof-reading  27 

author  by  the  publisher.  If  they  do  not 
arrive  when  the  first  proof  of  the  text  is  in 
hand,  they  should  be  written  for  at  once. 
The  author  should  not  fail  to  attach  each 
to  its  correct  place  in  the  galley  proof.  If 
galley  proof  is  sent  back  to  the  printer 
without  carefully  placed  illustrations  or 
instructions  for  the  position  of  the  illustra- 
tions, the  printer  is  likely  to  make  up 
page  proof  without  allowing  space  for 
the  cuts  —  an  expensive  process  for  the 
author,  as  the  page  proof  will  have  to  be 
made  over  again,  and  the  time  it  takes  to  do 
so  will  be  charged  as  author's  corrections. 

An  author  should  apprise  the  publisher 
of  the  final  correction  of  his  proofs  the 
moment  he  returns  his  last  batch  of  page 
proof  to  be  electrotyped. 

The  author  is  requested  to  tell  his  pub- 
lisher at  once  if  he  is  seriously  dissatisfied 
with  the  conduct  of  any  part  of  the  work. 
Prompt  notice  of  such  cause  for  complaint 
will  save  time  and  misunderstanding  and 
not  infrequently  ultimate  expense. 


Educational    Books 

The  Macmillan  Company  maintains  a 
special  department  for  the  pubHcation  and 
sale  of  text-books  and  educational  books. 
This  department  has  branch  offices  in 
Boston,  Chicago,  Atlanta,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  representatives  of  the  Com- 
pany attached  to  these  various  branch 
offices  and  to  the  home  office  visit  the 
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The  department  aims  to  keep  in  close 
touch  with  the  universities,  the  public 
schools,  and  private  schools,  and  with  all 
those  who  are  engaged  in  educational 
work. 

28 


Educational  Books  29 

In  submitting  the  manuscript  of  a  text- 
book it  is  advisable  for  the  author  to  send 
a  statement  outHning  briefly  the  plan  and 
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grades  for  which  it  is  suitable.  The  exam- 
ination of  the  manuscript  of  an  educational 
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sometimes  requires  more  time  than  the 
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rule  of  the  Company  that  this  work  shall  be 
completed  with  all  the  promptness  which 
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When  an  educational  book  is  accepted  for 
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The  department  stands  ready  at  all  times 
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in  use  throughout  the  country,  and  to 
make  any  suggestions  which  may  be  solic- 
ited. The  department  also  reads  the 
proofs  and  gives  attention  to  many  of  the 


30  Educational   Books 

details  connected  with  the  manufacture  of 
the  book,  such  as  the  style  of  type,  the 
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design,  and  style  of  binding.  A  constant 
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publication  of  The  Macmillan  Company 
as  nearly  perfect  as  possible  in  all  of  its  de- 
tails, and  free  from  even  the  minor  errors 
and  discrepancies  which  not  infrequently 
hamper  the  usefulness  of  books  intended 
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partment to  the  author,  with  whom  the 
department  endeavors  to  cooperate  in 
every  way. 

Upon  publication  specimen  copies  of 
the  book  are  sent  from  the  New  York 
office  and  from  the  branch  offices  to  the 
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copies  are  followed  by  circulars  and  an- 
nouncements which  frequently  contain  re- 
views of  the   book   and   the   opinions  of 


Educational  Books  31 

prominent  educators  in  reference  to  it. 
Such  letters  of  inquiry  as  are  received  are 
answered  promptly  and  fully,  and  adver- 
tisements are  inserted  in  the  columns  of 
the  principal  educational  papers.  By  these 
methods  and  by  the  visits  of  its  agents,  the 
Company  makes  a  strong  effort  to  bring 
its  educational  publications  to  the  attention 
of  the  educational  world  and  to  obtain  for 
them  such  consideration  as  their  quality 
may  deserve. 

A  catalogue  and  price-list  of  educational 
books  is  published  annually.  This  cata- 
logue is  to  quite  an  extent  descriptive  and 
gives  information  in  reference  to  the  vari- 
ous text-books  and  educational  books  and 
the  special  uses  for  which  they  are  adapted. 
The  catalogue  is  sent  to  all  teachers  whose 
names  are  on  the  list  of  the  educational 
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institutions.  It  will  be  forwarded  at  any 
time  upon  the  request  of  any  one  inter- 
ested in  educational  work. 

Authors  can  be  of  the   greatest  assist- 


32  Educational   Books 

ance  to  the  educational  department  by 
calling  attention  to  any  persons  likely  to 
be  particularly  interested  in  their  books, 
and  also  by  making  any  helpful  sugges- 
tions in  reference  to  advertising  or  cir- 
cularizing which  may  occur  to  them. 
Correspondence  of  this  character  is  always 
welcomed  by  the  publishers,  and  such  sug- 
gestions are  acted  upon  as  far  as  possible. 
Any  criticisms  or  corrections  received  by 
the  publishers  are  forwarded  at  once  to  the 
author  in  order  that  they  may  receive  due 
attention,  and  that  the  successive  editions 
of  the  book  may  have  the  advantage  of  the 
careful  criticisms  of  those  who  use  it. 


Signs  used  m  correcting  Proof 


J^  = 

Push  down  the  lead  which  is  showing 

with  the  type. 

1? 

Delete ;   take  out. 

9 

Turn  inverted  letter  right  side  up. 

at&t 

f  Let     it     remain ;     change     made    was 

i       wrong. 

U 

Indent  one  em. 

O 

A  period. 

11 

The  type  line  is  uneven  at  the  side  of 

the  page ;  straighten  it  up. 

X 

A  broken  letter. 

^ 

A  hyphen. 

ital. 

Use  italics. 

O 

Join  together ;  take  out  the  space. 

X 

Take  out  letter  and  close  up. 

33 

34    Signs  used  in  correcting  Proof 

e^emXA^    =     Put  in  middle  of  page,  or  line. 

^^^  Straighten  lines. 

^  Insert  an  apostrophe. 

/^  Insert  a  comma. 

1         I  Raise  the  word  or  letter. 

I 1  Lower  the  word  or  letter. 

I  Bring  matter  to  the  left. 

I  Bring  matter  to  the  right. 

^  Make  a  space. 

6&cu{-  A  thin  metal  strip  used  to  widen 

the  space  between  the  lines. 

a-^uvd^  out  Spread  words  farther  apart, 

Tf  Make  a  paragraph. 

no  T[  Run  on  without  a  paragraph. 

eo^.  Use  a  capital. 

l.t'.  Use   the   lower   case  (small   type), 

i.e.  not  capitals. 

O'-e-.  Small  capitals. 


u. 


lo-yru. 


Signs  used  in  correcting  Proof   35  . 

=       Wrong  font  —  size  or  style. 
Kind  of  type. 
Transpose. 
Use  roman  letter. 


ov-e-^vwyv        Carry  over  to  next  line. 

A  Indicates  where  an  insertion   is  to 

be  made. 

^.  o-L  (/)  Doubt  as  to  spelling,  etc. 

^^  Indicates  CAPITAL  letters. 

■  Indicates  small  capital  letters. 

Indicates  italic  letters. 

Indicates  black  type  letters. 

^=  Indicates  BLACK  CAPITALS. 

Indicates  black  small  capitals. 
Indicates  black  italic. 


cMi^. 


Proof  showing  Corrections 

ADDRESS  AT  GETTYSBURG 


/ J       FourscoilUn^even  years/S^our  fathers  brought  I    7 

forth  on  this  continent  a  new  nation,  conceived  in  = 
liberty,  and  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that  all 
jt    men  are  created  equal.     Now  we  are  engaged  in  a 
great  civil  war,  testing  whether  that  natioiL  or  any  ^ 
nation  so  conceived  and  so  dedicated,ican  long  J^ 
endure.    We  arc  met  on  a  great  battlefield  ofthat  ^if^ 
'^  war.     We  have  come  to  _£edicate  a  portion  of  that 
field  as  a  final  resting-place  for  those  who  here  hef&  J?   . 
t.c^.  gave  their  lives  that  that  Ration  might  live,    /t  is  e^aJ^ 
altogether  fitting  and  proper  that  we  should  do  this,  -tttv^v 
i^     ]       -But^  in  a  larger  sense^we  cannot  dedicate  —p^  ^leu^ 
we   cannot  consecrate  —  we   cannot    hallow  this  y.^/ 
0  ground   The   brave   men,  living  and   dead,  who 

struggled   here,   have   consecrated  it  far  above  our  >Aa^*^ 
poor  power  to  add  or  detract.  •    The  world  will 
^  little  note  nor  long  remember  what  we  (here^aw   7>r 
;;^     but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did  here^  _^ 

^t  is  for  us,  the  living,  rather,  to  be'^d^cated  ^ 
here  to  the  unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought 


^1 


'L  0      (Address  at  the  dedication  of  the  Gettysburg  National 
'♦^'^^'^^ Cemetery,  Nov.  iq,  i86'^.     Reprinted,  by  permission  of  The 
-M..  C,   Macmillan  Company,  from -Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Man         ^IfL 
.■ly,  the  People,  by  Norman  Hapgood.)  '  J 


Corrected   Proof 

ADDRESS  AT  GETTYSBURG 

Fourscore  and  seven  years  ago  our  fathers  brought 
forth  on  this  continent  a  new  nation,  conceived  in 
liberty,  and  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that  all 
men  are  created  equal. 

Now  we  are  engaged  in  a  great  civil  war,  testing 
whether  that  nation,  or  any  nation  so  conceived 
and  so  dedicated,  can  long  endure.  We  are  met 
on  a  great  battlefield  of  that  war.  We  have  come 
to  dedicate  a  portion  of  that  field  as  a  final  resting- 
place  for  those  who  here  gave  their  lives  that  that 
nation  might  live.  It  is  altogether  fitting  and 
proper  that  we  should  do  this. 

But,  in  a  larger  sense,  we  cannot  dedicate  — 
we  cannot  consecrate  —  we  cannot  hallow  —  this 
ground.  The  brave  men,  living  and  dead,  who 
struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it  far  above  our 
poor  power  to  add  or  detract.  The  world  will 
little  note  nor  long  remember  what  we  say  here, 
but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did  here.  It  is 
for  us,  the  living,  rather,  to  be  dedicated  here  to 
the  unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought  here 

{Address  at  the  dedication  of  the  Gettysburg  National 
Cemetery,  Nov.  ig,  jS6j.  Reprinted,  by  permission  of  The 
Macmillan  Company,  from  "  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Man 
of  the  People,"  by  Norman  Hapgood.) 

37 


Composition   and    Presswork 

The  composition  and  presswork  of 
books  published  by  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany are  usually  done  at  the  Norwood 
Press,  Norwood,  Mass.,  and  proofs  may 
be  returned  to  the  printers  (J.  S.  Gushing 
&  Co.)  direct,  except  when  otherwise  ar- 
ranged. Authors  are  requested  to  report 
promptly  to  the  publisher  any  tardiness 
in  the  forwarding  of  proofs,  or  any  care- 
lessness in  correcting  errors,  etc. 

Messrs.  J.  S.  Cushing  &  Co.  follow  a 
uniform  system  of  punctuation,  spelling, 
etc.,  but  when  a  work  is  intended  for  the 
use  of  English  as  well  as  American  readers, 
The  Macmillan  Company  recommend  the 
use  of  the  "  u "  in  spelling  the  words 
"  honour,"  "  colour,"  etc.  The  author's 
directions  in  this  respect,  however,  will 
be  carefully  followed.  Notice  as  to  pref- 
erences in  spelling,  etc.,  should  be  given 
the  publishers  before  the  manuscript  is 
sent  to  the  printers. 
38 


J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.'s  Rules  for 

Spelling,  Punctuation, 

and   Style 

Explanation.  —  The  following  pages  contain  the 
points  most  frequently  marked  on  proofs,  and  authors 
are  advised  to  give  them  a  careful  reading.  While 
the  lists  of  words  spelled  differently  in  Worcester  and 
Webster  and  of  the  our-words  in  English  spelling  are 
principally  for  reference,  the  other  points  mentioned 
should  be  borne  constantly  in  mind.  Although  the 
preferences  of  certain  publishers  and  authors  may  re- 
quire some  changes,  the  general  style  followed  is  that 
set  forth  here. 

I.     SPELLING 

I.  The  following  spellings  are  preferred 
by  both  Worcester  and  Webster :  — 


ing 


abridgment 

bouquet 

checkered 

aesthetic 

brier 

clew 

bazaar 

caliber 

1  combated, 

behoove 

calk 

corselet 

1  benefited,  -ing 

caravansary 

cotillon 

blond  (adj.) 

carcass 

criticise 

blonde  («.) 

check 

crystallize 

39 


40    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 


demarcation 

dike  [except  in 
geological 
meaning) 

disk 

drought 

dryly 

embarkation 

embed 

empale 

filigree 

gayety 

gayly 

glamour 

good-by 

gossiped,  -ing 

gypsy 

halyard 


humbugged, 

incase 

incrust 

indorse 

infold 

ingrain 

ingulf 

inquire 

insure 

inthrall 

intrench 

intrust 

lackey 

manikin 

mediaeval 

mollusk 

mustache 

naught 


■ing   paralleled,  -ing 
poniard 
postilion 
programme 
pygmy 
raccoon 
reen  force 
1  riveted,  -ing 
sandbagged, -ing 
shyly 
slyly 

sobriquet 
stanch 

story  [a  floor) 
thraldom 
veranda 
visor 
zigzagged,  -ing 


*  There  is  nothing  irregular  in  these  forms,  which 
are  given  because  frequently  misspelled.  Compare 
fidgeted,  inhabited,  and  profited.  But  similar  verbs, 
when  accented  on  the  final  syllable,  double  the  con- 
sonant, according  to  both  dictionaries,  —  e.g.  admit, 
admitted,  admitting;  permit,  permitted,  permitting ; 
regret,  regretted,  regretting. 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style   41 


2.    The  dictionaries   differ  on  the  fol- 
lowing words  :  — 


Worcester 

Webster 

accoutre 

accouter 

aide-de-camp 

aid-de-camp 

amphitheatre 

amphitheater 

^  apparelled 

appareled 

axe 

ax 

ay  {yes) 

aye 

1  biassed 

biased 

boulder 

bowlder 

^  carolled 

caroled 

centre 

center 

chiccory 

chicory 

cimeter 

scimeter 

cosey,  cosily 

cozy,  cozily 

councillor 

councilor 

counsellor 

counselor 

^  crenellated 

crenelated 

cyclopaedia 

cyclopedia 

defence 

defense 

despatch 

dispatch 

^  dishevelled 

disheveled 

distil 

distill 

2  dominos  {a  game) 

dominoes 

42    Spelling,  Fanctuation,  and  Style 


TVorcester 
dulness 
enamour 
enclose 
encumbrance 
enrolment 
ensnare 

1  equalled 
fetich 
fibre 
fledgling 

^  focussed 

2  frescos 
fulfil 
fulness 
gramme 

2  grottos 

guerilla 
1  imperilled 

instalment 

instil 

jewellery 
1  kidnapped 
1  libelled 

litre 

lodgement 


IFehster 
dullness 
enamor 
inclose 
incumbrance 
enrollment 
insnare 
equaled 
fetish 
fiber 

fledgeling 
focused 
frescoes 
fulfill 
fullness 
gram 
grottoes 
guerrilla 
imperiled 
installment 
instill 
jewelry 
kidnaped 
libeled 
liter 
lodgment 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    43 


Worcester 

Webster 

lustre 

luster 

manoeuvre 

maneuver 

marvellous 

marvelous 

maugre 

mauger 

meagre 

meager 

metre 

meter 

millionnaire 

millionaire 

mitre 

miter 

1  modelled 

modeled 

mould,  -ing 

mold,  -ing 

nitre 

niter 

ochre 

ocher 

oesophagus 

esophagus 

offence 

offense 

pacha 

pasha 

pedler 

peddler 

phoenix 

phenix 

plough 

plow 

2  porticos 

porticoes 

practise  {v.') 

practice  (v.) 

pretence 

pretense 

1  quarrelled 

quarreled 

reconnoitre 

reconnoiter 

revery 

reverie 

^  rivalled 

rivaled 

44    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 


JVorcester 

sabre 

saltpetre 

saviour 

sceptic 

sceptre 

sepulchre 

shrivelled 
1  skilful 

smoulder 

sombre 

spectre 
1  sulphuretted 

syrup 

theatre 
^  tranquillize 
^  travelled,  -er 

vice  {a  tool) 

villanous,  -y 

whiskey 

wilful 

woful 

woollen 
1  worshipped,  -er 


IVebiter 
saber 
saltpeter 
savior 
skeptic 
scepter 
sepulcher 
shriveled 
skillful 
smolder 
somber 
specter 
sulphureted 
sirup 
theater 
tranquilizc 
traveled,  -er 
vise 

villainous,  -y 
whisky 
willful 
woeful 
woolen 
worshiped,  -er 


^  The  past  tense  is  here  given  for  illustration,  but  it 
is   of  course  understood  that  the  present  participle  is 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    45 

formed  on  the  same  principle,  e.g.  apparelling,  apparel- 
ing ;  tranquillizing,  tranquilizing ;  worshipping,  wor- 
shiping. This  list  contains  only  a  few  of  the  more 
common  verbs  of  the  class  ending  in  al,  el,  il,  and  ol, 
but  enough  to  show  the  principle  on  which  the  two 
dictionaries  work  in  forming  their  past  tense  and  parti- 
ciple. Verbs  of  this  class  accented  on  the  final  syllable 
have  the  same  form  in  both  Worcester  and  Webster, 
—  e.g.  impel,  impelled,  impelling ;  propel,  propelled, 
propelling  ;  etc. 

''■  The  rule  for  nouns  ending  in  i?  is  :  If  the  singular 
ends  in  o  preceded  by  another  vowel,  the  plural  is 
formed  regularly  by  adding  /,  —  e.g.  bamboo,  bamboos  ; 
cameo,  cameos  ;  embryo,  embryos  ;  folio,  folios.  If  in 
0  preceded  by  a  consonant,  by  adding  es,  —  e.g.  buf- 
falo, buffaloes  ;  desperado,  desperadoes  ;  echo,  echoes ; 
hero,  heroes ;  mosquito,  mosquitoes ;  motto,  mottoes ; 
potato,  potatoes.  But  the  following  exceptions  add  s 
only  :  — 


albino  duodecimo 

canto  halo 

cento  lasso 

domino  {when  memento 

not  the  gaine^  octavo 


piano 

sirocco 

proviso 

solo 

quarto 

stiletto 

rotundo 

torso 

salvo 

tyro 

3.    English  Spelling.  —  In  the  English 
style  of  spelling,   many   words   which   in 


46    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

American   dictionaries   end    in   or,  end   in 
our.     Words  thus  ending  in  our  are:  — 


arbour 

favour 

parlour 

ardour 

fervour 

rancour 

armour 

flavour 

rigour 

behaviour 

harbour 

rumour 

candour 

honour 

savour 

clamour 

humour 

splendour 

clangour 

invigour 

succour 

colour 

labour 

labour 

demeanour 

misbehaviour 

tumour 

discolour 

misdemeanour 

valour 

dolour 

neighbour 

vapour 

endeavour 

odour 

vigour 

Note  that  discoloration ,  invigorate^  invig- 
oration,  pallor^  and  tremor  do  not  take 
the  u. 

When  an  adjective  is  formed  from  any 
of  the  above  words  by  adding  ous,  the 
ending  of  the  original  word  is  simply  or 
as  in  American  dictionaries,  —  e.g.  clam- 
orous, dolorous,  humorous,  laborious. 

While  the  o«r-words  are  always  found  in 
English  spelling,  it  is  only  occasionally  that 


Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    47 


English  books  follow  the  style  which  changes 
verbs  ending,  in  American  dictionaries,  in 
ize  to  ise^  —  e.g.  civilise^  realise^  utilise. 

Distinctively  English  spellings  (some- 
times used  and  sometimes  not)  are  the 
forms  any  one  J  everyone.,  sotneone.,  and  for 
every  and  the  following  :  — 


behove 

gaily 

reflexion 

briar 

gipsy 

shily 

connexion 

inflexion 

slily 

drily 

judgement 

staunch 

enquire 

lacquey 

storey  {a  floor) 

entrust 

pigmy 

verandah 

gaiety 

postillion 

4.    Miscellaneous  Words.  —  Give  pref- 
erence to  the  following  forms  :  — 


byways 

courtyard 

downstairs 

employee 

everyday 

halfway 

headquarters 


highroad 

knickknack 

long-sufFering 

lookout 

newcomer 

nowadays 

shan't 


subject-matter 

text-book 

thoroughgoing 

upstairs 

well-nigh 

widespread 


48    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

By  and  by  and  by  the  bye  are  the  right 
forms.  Vender  is  ordinary  usage,  vendor 
the  form  used  in   law. 


II.    COMPOUNDS 

Follow  the  style  given  below  on 
compounds  :  — 

Co,  pre,  and  re.  — With  words  beginning  with 
the  same  vowel :  cooperate^  preempt^  reembark^  etc. ; 
with  a  consonant  or  different  vowel :  colaborer^ 
preoccupy^  reconstruct^  etc.  ;  but  where  a  word 
having  a  different  meaning  from  that  desired 
would  be  formed  :   re-creation^  re-collect.,  etc. 

Colors.  —  Adjectives  in  tsh  :  bluish  red^  yel- 
lowish green.,  etc. ;  but  a  noun  compounded 
with  a  color  :  emerald-green.,  iron-gray.,  ivory-black, 
pearl-gray,  etc. 

Ever.  —  Ever  changing  sea,  ever  memorable 
scene,  ever  watchful  eye,  forever  emptied  cradle, 
never  ending  talk,  etc. 

Fellow.  —  Fellcnv-citizens,felloiv-soldicrs,  etc. 
Felloivship  is  the  sole  exception. 

Fold.  —  Words  of  one  syllable  :  tzvofold,  ten- 
fold, etc.  ;  of  more  than  one  :  tiventy  fold,  hun- 
dred fold,  etc. 


Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    49 

Half.  —  With  adjectives  :  half-dead  man^  etc. 
(but  I  found  myself  half  dead  luith  shafne)  ;  with 
verbs  :  half  conceal^  half  understand^  etc, ;  also 
half  a  dozen^  half  an  hour. 

Like.  —  Businesslike^  childlike^  warlike.,  etc., 
except  ball-like.,  bell-like.,  etc.,  and  very  unusual 
compounds  :  miniature-like.,  Mohammedan-like.,  etc. 

Over  and  Under. — With  verbs  and  adjectives, 
one  w^ord  :  overbold.,  overestimate.,  overreach.,  under- 
dressed. 

Party.  —  Party-coated.,  party-colored  (and  use 
this  spelling). 

Points  of  the  Compass.  —  Northeast.,  south- 
west ;   north-northeast.,  west-southwest^  etc. 

Room.  —  Breakfast  room.,  dining  room^  sleeping 
room.,  etc. ;  but  bedroom  and  drawing-room. 

School.  —  Schoolboy,  schoolfellow.,  schoolgirl.,  school- 
house.,  schoolmaster.,  schoolmistress.,  schoolroom ;  school 
board.,  school  children.,  school  committee.,  school  days., 
school  district ;  school-ship.,  school-teacher,  school- 
teaching. 

Self.  —  Self-absorbed,  self-contempt,  self-re- 
spect, etc.  ;   but  selfsame. 

Skin.  —  Words  of  one  syllable  :  calfskin, 
goatskin,  sheepskin,  etc. ;  of  more  than  one : 
beaver  skin,  buffalo  skin,  etc. 


50    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

Tree.  —  Always  two  words  :  apple  tree^  forest 
tree^  fruit  tree^  etc. 

An  adverb  and  a  participial  adjective  or 
a  participle  before  a  noun  :  prettily  dressed 
girlj  rapidly  approaching  winter j  etc. 

Anyway,     Nowise,    Awhile,    Meanwhile, 
and  Meantime 

Distinguish  between  the  adverb  anyway 
and  the  phrase  in  any  way,  nowise  and  in  no 
wise,  and  awhile  and  for  a  while.  Always 
make  meantime  and  meanwhile  one  word : 
meantime,  in  the  meantime,  meanwhile,  and 
in  the  meanwhile. 


III.     DIVISION   OF   WORDS 

Divide  when  possible,  and  when  it  is  a 
correct  division,  on  the  vowel :  proposition, 
not  prop-osition. 

Avoid  two-letter  divisions  where 
possible. 

Avoid  making  the  last  line  of  a  para- 
graph part  of  a  divided  word. 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    51 

In    present    participles    carry   over    the 

ing :  divid-ing,  mak-ingy  forc-ing^  charg-ing 
(but  twin-klingj  chuc-kling,  etc.). 

Divide  :  derision^  division^  provision^ 
reli-gion,  etc. 

Divide  :  fea-ture^  for-tune,  pic-ture^  pre- 
sump-tuous,  etc. 

Divide  in  all  cases  espe-cial,  inhabit-ant, 
and  pro-cess. 

Divide  know-ledge  only  where  English 
spelling  is  used. 

Note  atmos-phere  and  hemisphere. 

IV.    CAPITALS 

Constitution  of  the  United  States  should 
always  be  capitalized. 

Czar,  etc.  —  Capitalize  C'zar^  Pope,  Presi- 
dent (of  United  States),  Sultan  (of  Turkey), 
Dauphin^    Bey     (of    Tunis),    Khedive    (of 

Egypt). 

Day.  —  Capitalize  Thanksgiving  T)ay\ 
Nezv  Tears  Day^  Lord's  Day,  Founder  s 
Day,  Commencement  Day^  etc. 


52    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

De,  Von,  etc.  —  Capitalize  names  from 
foreign  languages  preceded  by  a  prepo- 
sition, when  used  without  a  title  or  a 
Christian  name :  De  La  Fayette^  De 
Medici y  Der  Hougassoff,  Von  Stein ;  but 
Marquis  de  La  Fayette^  Catherine  de 
Medici^  General  der  Hougassoff^  Baron  von 
Stein. 

Headings.  —  In  chapter  headings,  side 
headings,  names  of  books,  etc.,  set  in 
capitals  and  small  capitals,  or  upper  and 
lower  case,  capitalize  nouns  and  adjectives 
only.  As  You  Like  It,  Love's  Labor  s 
Lost,  and  similar  titles  are  exceptions. 

Heaven.  —  Capitalize  Heaven  when  it 
stands  for  the  Deity  ;  as  a  place,  lower 
case.  Hell  and  paradise  always  lower 
case. 

He,  His,  etc.  —  He,  His,  Him,  Thou, 
etc.,  referring  to  members  of  the  Trinity 
(except  in  extracts  from  the  Bible). 

His  Majesty,  etc.  —  Capitalize  all  except 
the  pronoun  in  his  Majesty,  their  Royal 
Highnesses, your  Excellency,  his  Lordship,  etc. 


Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    53 

House.  —  Lower  case  house  of  Hanover, 
house  of  Suabia,  etc. 

King,  etc.  —  Capitalize  King  John,  Bishop 
of  Rheims,  Duke  of  Tork,  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria, etc. ;  but  lower  case  king  of  England, 
queen  of  Sweden,  prince  of  France,  etc. 
(except  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  other  mere  titles  with 
Prince^. 

Middle  Ages  should  be  capitalized. 

Mountains.  —  Appalachian  Mountains, 
White  Mountains,  etc. 

New  World,  Old  World,  New  York  City, 
New  York  State,  Papacy  (but  lower  case 
papal).  Oriental,  and  Occidental  should  be 
capitahzed. 

River,  Lake,  War,  Valley,  battle  of, 
peace  of,  treaty  of,  etc.  —  Capitalize  in 
cases  like  Hudson  River,  Crystal  Lake, 
Seven  7'ears'  War,  Connecticut  Valley,  etc. ; 
but  note  the  plurals  :  Hudson  and  Mohawk 
rivers,  the  Seven  Tears'  and  the  Hundred 
Tears'  wars,  although  Lakes  Huron  and 
Michigan.     Lower  case  the  river  Charles, 


54    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

etc.,  and  battle  of  Waterloo^  treaty  of  Lune- 
ville^  peace  of  Amiens,  etc. 

State,  etc.  —  Lower  case  state  (except 
New  York  State),  commonwealthy  and  terri- 
tory (except  Indian  Territory,  Northwest 
Territory).  Note  Southern  states.  Eastern 
states,  etc.  But  capitalize  State  meaning 
the  government,  as  well  as  Church  standing 
for  the  ecclesiastical  authority  or  influence. 

Titles  used  in  direct  address  should  be 
capitalized. 

V.     PUNCTUATION 

Comma  in  Series.  —  Correct  style : 
George,  John,  and  James  are  here ;  hand- 
some, rich,  but  unhappy ;  he  could  not  read, 
write,  or  figure. 

Comma  before  Quotation.  —  Before  a 
quotation  in  a  paragraph,  if  of  one  sen- 
tence use  a  comma,  if  of  more  than  one 
use  a  colon. 

As  follows.  —  At  the  end  of  a  paragraph, 
after  phrases  like  as  follows,  the  following, 
thus,    and    namely,    and    words    like    saidy 


Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    ^^^ 

remarked,  etc.,  use  the  colon  and  dash 
(except  in  mathematical  work). 

Comma  and  Semicolon.  —  In  sentences 
containing  two  sets  of  subjects  and  predi- 
cates —  in  other  words,  two  clauses  — 
connected  by  and,  but,  or  some  similar 
conjunction,  the  clauses  should  be  sepa- 
rated by  at  least  a  comma ;  and  if  either 
clause  is  very  long  or  contains  a  subordi- 
nate clause,  use  a  semicolon.  The  fore- 
going sentence  illustrates  the  use  of  the 
semicolon. 

Quotation  Marks.  —  In  sentences  ter- 
minating in  the  close  of  a  quotation  and 
an  exclamation  point  or  an  interrogation 
point,  do  not  quote  the  punctuation  unless 
it  is  part  of  the  quotation  :  — 

How    absurd    to    call    this    stripling    a 
"  man  "  ! 
hut         He  cried  out,  "  Wake  up,  something  is 
going  wrong !  " 

Can    we    by   any    mistake    call    him    a 
«  man  "  ? 
hut         One  is  crazed  by  its  ''  Now  then,  where 
am  I  to  go  ?  " 


56    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

In  the  case  of  a  semicolon  and  the  close 
of  a  quotation,  if  the  quoted  matter  con- 
sists of  one  or  two  words  or  a  mere  phrase, 
do  not  quote  the  semicolon ;  but  if  a 
complete  subject  and  predicate  is  included 
within  the  quotation  marks,  quote  the 
semicolon   too  :  — 

The  punctuation  of  "  Tristram  Shandy  "  will 
naturally  differ  from  that  of  the  "Rambler";  and 
in  a  less  degree  the  punctuation  in  Burke,  etc. 

Sir  Walter  said  to  him,  "  My  friend,  give  me 
your  hand,  for  mine  is  that  of  a  beggar;"  for, 
in  truth,  the  house,  etc. 

If  the  style  of  a  book  is  to  quote  verse, 
letters,  and  other  extracts,  in  poetry  a 
new  quote  should  begin  on  every  new 
stanza,  in  prose  on  every  paragraph  and 
break-line.  But  in  extracts  from  plays, 
place  a  quotation  mark  before  the  first 
word  only  of  the  extract,  and  end  after  the 
last  word.  The  proper  form  for  quotes 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  letter  is  as 
follows  :  — 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    57* 

"6  ScROPE  Terrace,  Cambridge, 
"June  20,  1898. 
"  Dear  Sir  :  With  reference  to  the  Vortex- 
atom  Theory,  I   would  *  *  * 
concerned  is  very  complex. 
"  Believe  me 

"  Yours  very  truly, 

"  J.  J.  Thomson. 
"  Professor  S.  W.  Holman." 

VI.    MISCELLANEOUS    POINTS   OF   STYLE 

2d^  jdy  not  2nd^  jrd. 

B.C.  and  A.B.  —  Date  before  the  letters, 
and  letters  in  small  capitals  :  14  B.C., 
28  a.d. 

A.M.  and  P.M.  (for  ante  meridiem  and 
post   meridiem)   always  in   small    capitals : 

A.M.,   P.M. 

^  and  j^  should  always  be  close  up  to 
the  number  with  which  they  belong,  except 
in  mathematical  work. 

Henrys,  Jerseys,  Mussulmans,  and  the 
Two  Sicilies  are  the  correct  plurals. 

An  abbreviation  —  e.g.,  Fig.,  §  —  or  a 


58    spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

number  should  not  begin  a  sentence. 
Always  spell  out. 

Spell  out  titles  like  Colonel^  General^  and 
Professor  (except  in  lists  of  names,  cata- 
logues, etc.) ;  but  Dr.,  //<?«.,  Mr.,  Mrs.y 
Messrs.^  and  Rev.^  occurring  before  a 
name,  are  proper  abbreviations. 

E,g.^  /.«?.,  /.<:.,  and  s.v.  should  always 
be  Italic  when  placed  between,  after,  or 
before  words  in  Roman,  take  no  comma, 
and  should  be  close  up  together.  In 
Italic  should  be  Roman.  Cf.^  sc,  and 
viz.  should  always  be  Roman. 

Possessive  Case.  —  To  form  the  pos- 
sessive singular  add  the  apostrophe  and  s : 
Keats' s,  countess  s ;  except  in  the  phrases 
for  conscience'  sake,  for  goodness  sake,  for 
righteousness  sake,  etc.,  and  in  the  case  of 
a  few  words  like  Jesus,  Achilles,  Hercules, 
and  Xerxes. 

Books,  Magazines,  Ships,  etc. — Names 
of  books,  plays,  and  paintings  should  be 
Roman  and  quoted,  of  magazines  and 
papers  Italic,  and  of  characters  in  books, 


spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style    59 

plays,  etc.,  plain  Roman  without  quotes. 
(But  in  footnotes  and  side  notes  books 
may  go  in  Italic.)  In  general,  poems 
should  be  Roman  quoted.  Names  of 
articles  in  magazines  or  cyclopaedias  should 
be  Roman  and  quoted.  Names  of  ships 
set  in  Italic.  In  citation  of  papers  and 
magazines,  do  not  treat  the  definite  article 
the  as  part  of  the  name,  —  e.g.  the  Century^ 
the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean^  the  New  Tork 
Herald. 

Numbers. —  Spell  out  all  numbers  of  less 
than  four  figures,  and  all  round  numbers. 
Numbers  of  four  or  more  figures  set  in 
figures.  By  round  numbers  are  meant 
hundreds,  thousands,  etc.,  and  all  multiples 
of  hundreds,  thousands,  etc.  (When  num- 
bers occur  in  great  frequency  in  a  single 
paragraph  or  chapter,  all  numbers  should 
be  set  in  figures.  Round  numbers  should 
also  be  set  in  figures  when  coming  in  close 
contrast  with  numbers  not  round.)  Cases 
like  ^joo  should  be  spelled  twenty-three 
hundred,  not  two  thousand  three  hundred. 


6o    Spelling,  Punctuation,  and  Style 

The  comma  should  be  used  only  in  num- 
bers of  five  or  more  figures  :    3560^  but 

55^^70' 

0  and  Oh 

O  is  an  expression  used  [a)  in  directly 
addressing  a  person  or  a  personified  object ; 
{b)  in  uttering  a  wish ;  and  {c)  to  express 
surprise,  indignation,  or  regret,  when  it 
is  frequently  followed  by  an  ellipsis  and 
that  :  — 

a.  O  Lord,  have  mercy  on  us  ! 

Break  on  thy  cold  gray  stones,  O  sea  ! 

b.  O  that  I  had  wings  like  a  dove  ! 
O  for  rest  and  peace  ! 

c.  O  [It  is  sad]  that  such  eyes  should  e'er 

meet  other  object ! 

O  is  also  used  in  the  expressions  O  dear 
and  O  dear  me. 

Oh  is  used  {a)  as  an  interjection  and 
{b)  as  the  colloquial  introduction  to  a 
sentence : — 

a.  Oh,  my  offence  is  rank. 
Oh,  how  could  you  do  it  ? 

b.  Oh,  John,  will  you  close  the  door  ? 
Oh,  yes,  with  pleasure. 


How   an   Author  can    aid   his 
Publisher 

An  author  can  often  show  the  publisher 
where  or  how  he  can  make  sales,  and  can 
suggest  methods  by  which  the  interests  of 
the  book  may  be  furthered. 

After  the  publication  of  a  work  has  been 
arranged  for,  the  author  should  write  out 
and  send  to  the  publisher  an  account 
of  the  work,  say  two  hundred  or  three 
hundred  words  in  length.  This  should 
describe  the  plot,  the  scope,  the  pur- 
pose, or  the  contents,  as  the  character  of 
the  work  dictates.  This  information  is 
needed  for  preliminary  announcement  or 
advertising,  and  for  the  information  of 
literary  editors  throughout  the  country. 

An  author  can  help  the  publisher  in 
sending  out  press  and  complimentary 
copies  by  giving  him  a  list  of  persons, 
6i 


62  Aid  to  Publisher 

papers,  and  magazines  at  whose  hands  the 
book  is  likely  to  receive  more  than  ordi- 
nary editorial  attention.  In  the  case  of 
an  educational  work,  the  names  of  profess- 
ors and  teachers  likely  to  recommend  the 
book  are  also  of  great  service. 

There  are  few  steps  in  the  manufactur- 
ing and  publishing  of  a  book  where  an 
author  cannot  be  of  help  to  his  publisher. 
There  are  some  matters,  however,  such  as 
the  size  of  the  finished  book,  its  price, 
kind  of  paper,  or  cover,  which  of  necessity 
must  largely  be  affairs  of  commercial  con- 
sideration, and  are  usually  left  to  the 
judgment  of  the  publisher;  but  sugges- 
tions from  the  author  are  often  of  much 
value  and  are  always  welcomed. 


Advertising,   Circulars,   etc. 

These  matters  usually  are  attended  to 
by  the  publisher  at  his  own  expense.  The 
author,  however,  can  often  be  of  great 
assistance  by  calling  attention  to  points 
which  bear  favorably  on  his  work,  and  to 
items  of  news  or  reviews  which  may  be 
quoted  in  circulars,  and  in  notes  to  editors 
of  literary  columns  in  the  American  press. 

Addresses  of  societies  or  clubs  and  their 
secretaries,  and  lists  of  members,  are  very 
useful  to  the  advertising  department. 


63 


Press  and  Presentation  Copies 

The  publisher  sends  these  out  at  his 
own  expense  in  directions  which  in  his 
business  judgment  will  yield  the  best 
results.  His  aim  is,  of  course,  to  bring 
the  work  by  means  of  reviews  to  the  notice 
of  the  largest  number  of  people  who  will 
be  likely  to  take  special  interest  in  the 
subject.  An  author  can  often  greatly  help 
the  success  of  his  book  by  suggesting  to 
the  publisher  the  names  of  persons  and 
journals  likely  to  be  s{>ecially  interested 
in  reviewing  his   work. 

The  Macmillan  Company  will  use  its 
best  efforts  to  secure  and  to  forward  to  its 
authors  copies  of  the  principal  reviews  of 
their  books  that  appear  from  time  to  time 
in  the  newspapers,  and  authors  are  re- 
quested to  inform  the  Company  of  any 
remissness  in  the  sending  of  these. 
64 


Index 


Advertising 

63 

Agreement,  forms  of  . 

18 

Bindings      .... 

20 

Capitals,  use  of 

51 

Circulars      .... 

63 

Complaints  of  authors 

27 

Complimentary  copies . 

64 

Composition     and     press- 

work  .... 

38 

Contracts    .... 

18 

terms  of . 

18 

liabilities  under  . 

18 

Copyright,  transfer  of. 

16 

hov/  to  secure     . 

16 

in  Great  Britain 

17 

Correction,  in  proof    . 

^5 

in  plates  .... 

^5 

in  page  proof 

25 

COft  of     . 

*5 

Cover 

20,  62 

Cover  designs    . 

20,  62 

Gushing  &  Co.'s  rules 

39 

Cuts 

13,  26 

Division  of  words  . 

50 

Dramatization,  rights  of 

18 

Estimate  of  number  of  page 

s 

in  manuscript 

22 

Export  of  editions  for  us 

i 

in  Great  Britain 

16 

Express,  send  manuscript  h\ 

'       '5 

Extracts  from  other  work 

s       12 

23 
26 

61 
13,  26 

•       ^5 


"  F "  proofs     .      .      .       23,  24 

Footnotes     . 

Foundry  proofs 

Galley  proof 

How  an  author  can  aid  a 
publisher  . 

Illustrations 

Index,  preparation  of 

Ink,  best  kind  of  . 

Inserting  pages  in  the  manu- 
script   

Libellous  matter,  responsi- 
bility for   . 

Mailingor  expressing  manu- 
scripts       .... 

Manuscript,  preparation  of 
submitting  to  a  publisher 
rolling  or  folding 

Margins  on  manuscript 

Miscellaneous     points      of 
style    

Notes,  footnotes,  etc.  .      .         12 

Numbering  pages  of  manu- 
script   II 

chapters 11 

Ovenunning     ....        23 

Paper,  for  manuscript  .      .        11 
of  book 62 

Pins,  avoiding  use  of  .      .         12 

Plates,  cost  of  changes  in    24,  25 

Presentation  copies       .      .        64 


14 


s: 


(,<: 


66 


Index 


Press  copies 
Fresswork  . 
Price  of  book    . 
Proofs,   signs  used 
reeling 

sending  to  printer 

specimen  pages 

of  illustrations 

a  page  showing 
dons    . 
Proof-reading    . 
Punctuation 
Quotation  marks 
(Queries  . 
Revising  proof  . 
Royalties 
Scandalous  matter,  respon 
sibility  for 


64 

38 
62 

33 
23 
22 
26 

36 

22 

54 
55 
24 


18 


iS 


Signs  used  when  correct- 
ing proof  ...       33 

Size  of  book  .... 
of  page 

Solberg,  Thorvaid,  Direc- 
tions for  Securing 
Copyright .... 

Specimen    page,     ser*    to 

author  .        2£ 

Spelling 38,  39 

Submitting  manuscript  to 
publisher  .... 

Taking  pages  ou:  of  manu- 
script    

Translation,  rights  of  . 

Typewritten  manuscript, 
preferable  to  hand- 
writing     .... 


16 


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